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注释
1. 我相信用其他动物的乳汁(最好不要是牛奶)是有可能可以将孩子养大的,因为它们含有丰富的钠。很显然狗奶是可以的。婴儿一开始不能消化固体,因为他们的肠子还没有发育完全,而且他们不能很好地排出固体或者生成所有必需的酶。用血液来喂养婴儿是行不通的。血液中没有足够的能量。它只含有一点点葡萄糖和非常少的脂肪。
2. 吮吸导致母亲体内催产素和催乳素的释放。催产素产生贮存的乳汁;催乳素催发出更多的乳汁。吮吸的越多,产生的乳汁也越多。
3. 要出现第一次的月经,一个女孩需要积累相当于自己体重17%的脂肪。到脂肪重量达到体重的27%时,女人的生育能力仍然相对较低。在性成熟以后,如果这个指标降至22%,则会导致月经停止(Gallup 1982)。
4. Tovée, Cornelissen et al. (1999, 2001) 指出人们在评判同胞的身体质量指数(Body Mass Index)的时候是非常准确的。
5. 库兴氏综合症是由过多的皮质醇引起的。皮质醇是(在其他东西中)重要的激素,它含量过高最典型的原因就是药物或者肿瘤。皮质醇虽然和合成代谢类固醇(anabolic steroid,一种加速肌肉生长的药物,译者注)有关,但是它并不是导致后青春期脂肪贮存的主要激素。雌性激素才是其真正原因。
参考书目
Anderson, Judith L. (1988) Breasts, hips, and buttocks revisited – honest fatness for honest fitness. Ethology and Sociobiology vol. 9, pp.319-324.
Anderson Judith L. et al. (1992) Was the Duchess of Windsor right? A cross-cultural review of the socioecology of ideals of female body shape. Ethology and Sociobiology vol. 13, pp 197-227.
Cant, John G.H. (1981) Hypothesis for the evolution of human breasts and buttocks American Naturalist vol. 117, pp. 199-204.
Caro, T.M. (1987) Human breasts: unsupported evidence reviewed Human Evolution vol 2, pp. 271-282
Gallop, Gordon G. Jr. (1982) permanent breast enlargement in human females Journal of Human Evolution vol. 11, pp. 597-601.
Manning, J.T. et al. (1996 revised 1997) Breast asymmetry and phenotypic quality in women Evolution and Human Behaviour vol. 18, p.223.
Mikach, Sarah M. and Bailey, J. Michael (May 1999) What Distinguishes Women with Unusually High Numbers of Sex Partners? In Evolution and Human Behaviour, Vol. 20(3): 141-150.
Miller, Geoffrey (2000) The Mating Mind London.
Pawlowski, B. (1999) Permanent breasts as a side effect of subcutaneous fat tissue increase in human evolution. Homo vol. 50, pp. 149-162.
Polivy, J., Garner, D.M., and Garfinkel, P.E. Causes and consequences of the current preference for thin female physiques. In Physical appearance, stigma, and social behaviour, C.P. Herman, M. Zanna, and E.T. Huggins (eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1986, pp. 89-112.
Singh, D. (1995) Female health, attractiveness, and desirability for relationships: Role of breast asymmetry and waist-to-hip ratio. In Ethology and Sociobiology, 16, 465-481.
Thornhill, Randy and Gangestad, Steven W. (May 1999) The Scent of Symmetry: A Human Sex Pheromone that Signals Fitness? In Evolution and Human Behaviour, Vol 20(3): 175-202.
Tovée, M.J., Maisey, D.M., Emery, J.L. and Cornelissen, P.L. (1999). Visual cues to female attractiveness. Proceedings of The Royal Society, London. B.266: 211-218.
Tovée, M.J., and Cornelissen, P.L. (2001). Female and male perceptions of female physical attractiveness in front view and profile. British Journal of Psychology (in press).
[ 本帖最后由 Sindy 于 2008-5-27 18:19 编辑 ]
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